Cerium Tungsten Electrodes and Thorium Tungsten Electrodes - Arc Performance Comparison

By compare arc performances, it was determined that thorium tungsten cathode pressure is small than cerium tungsten, 2% Tn-W13.0V, 2% Ce-W12.0V. The service life is related with cathode spot. In xenon stroke light compared these two electrodes found, cerium tungsten end face has slight cathode spot and has smaller loss, and the service life is longer than thorium tungsten. In emission current density, cerium tungsten arc column euphotic belt is bright and long and emission current density is higher than thorium tungsten. When the diameter is large, the minimum arc stability of various electrodes is similar, with the reduction of diameter, the cerium tungsten electrode arc performance is good than other electrodes. The lowest arc voltage of cerium tungsten is 12V, thorium tungsten arc voltage is 30V, so cerium tungsten arcing is more simple.

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Cerium Tungsten Electrode and Thorium Tungsten Electrode - Material Properties Comparison

Compared with thorium tungsten electrode on material properties, the work function and α-ray dose of cerium tungsten electrode are lower than thorium tungsten electrode, which has better performance advantages and no radiation. Under the same cutting conditions, when the nozzle is leakage, thorium tungsten electrode wear has significantly increased, but little change in cerium tungsten electrodes. This phenomenon also happen in gas discharge lamp, when the oxygen content increase, cerium tungsten electrode has slight change, which can be seen it has good antioxidant properties.

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Binary Composite Tungsten Electrodes

In the binary composite tungsten electrodes, W-La-Ce electrode has lower arc voltage and at low current conditions, it has good arc stability. W-Y-Ce electrode composite electrode has best arcing and anti-burning properties. Besides, it has good arc stability and has large thermal power. W-La-Y has similar arc performance with W-La-Ce electrode and W-Y-Ce electrode, but it has large thermal power is larger, so large current anti-burning properties is lower than W-La-Ce electrode and W-Y-Ce electrode.

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Doped Tungsten Electrode Properties

Tungsten electrode doped with two rare earth oxides (binary composite tungsten electrode) usually produces by powder metallurgy method and binary composite tungsten electrodes include W-La₂O₃-Y₂O₃, W-La₂O₃-CeO₂, and W-Y₂O₃-CeO₂. Comparing composite tungsten electrode’s physical property of welding arc with tungsten electrode doped with one rare earth oxides and thorium tungsten electrode can well understand composite electrode performance. After comparison, binary composite rare earth tungsten electrode properties are better than thorium tungsten electrode and tungsten electrode doped with single rare earth oxide.

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Factor Influencing Rare Earth Tungsten Electrode - Drawing and Processing

Considering the higher recrystalization temperature of rare earth doped tungsten electrode, its drawing and processing require higher temperature. During this process, rare earth actually is negative for electrode recovery and recrystalization. Larger deformation, lower processing temperature. The decreasing extent should be much larger than pure tungsten electrodes drawing.

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Factor Influencing Rare Earth Tungsten Electrode - Sintering

Sintering process is the next step after powder is made. Tungsten electrode blank bar is made after sintering. Appropriate temperature is main factor to assure keeping rare earth can sinter together with tungsten bar. Also, in this process, the temperature has been significant.

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Factor Influencing Rare Earth Tungsten Electrode - Reduction of Powder Size

The grain size and distribution during reduction of rare earth powder and tungsten powder will also influence the quality of rare earth tungstenelectrode. Because of adding rare earth nitrate into APT, its reduction temperature is higher than the APT itself. The grain size is mainly controlled by the boat loading capacity and temperature difference in the reduction furnace. Good control of the temperature can reduce out better size of rare earth doped tungsten powder.

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Factor Influencing Rare Earth Tungsten Electrode - Uniformity of Rare Earth Doping

Rare earth tungsten electrode is electrode doped with rare earth, including doping one element, two elements and three elements or more. Manufacturing process and the raw material will influence electrode quality.

Solid-liquid sintering is a good choice for uniform doping to produce tungsten electrode. Raw materials are APT (ammonium paratungstate) and rare earth nitrate. The doping process is to make nitrate mixing with APT together, which is benefit for the later decomposition of rare earth and doped into tungsten crystal to reach a result of uniform doping.


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