Ceriated Tungsten Electrode-Chinatungsten

Ceriated tungsten electrode has good starting arc performance under the condition of low current. As the arc current is low, these electrodes can be used for welding of pipe, stainless steel and fine parts. Cerium-Tungsten is the best substitute for Thoriated-Tungsten under the condition of low DC.

Cerium tungsten electrode is the electrode of tungsten added with 2% CeO2.The power of its electronic transgression is 2.4ev,less than that of thorium-tungsten electrode. Its arc derivation voltage is also lower with better arc derivation function and higher arc power stability.The current allowed under the condition of anode direct current is higher and the burn spoilage is smaller.

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Lanthanated Tungsten Electrode-Chinatungsten

The lanthanated tungsten electrode is becoming more popular in the circle of welding in the world soon after they were developed, because of their good welding performance. The electric conductivity of lanthanated tungsten electrode is most closed to that of 2% thoriated Tungsten electrodes. Welders can easily replace thoriated tungsten electrodes with lanthanated tungsten electrodes at either AC or DC and not have to make any welding program changes.

The radioactivity from thoriated tungsten electrodes can thus be avoided. Another advantage of lanthanated tungsten electrode is being able to be bear high current and having the lowest burn-loss rate.

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Thoriated Tungsten Electrode-Chinatungsten

2% Thoriated Tungsten contains a nominal 2 wt-% or thorium oxide (ThO2) that is evenly dispersed throughout the entire length of the Tungsten. The most common type of Tungsten used today. Thoriated tungsten electrode provides excellent resistance from weld pool contamination while at the same time offers the welder easier arc starting capabilities and a more stable arc. Generally used for DC electrode negative or straight polarity applications such as carbon & stainless steels, nickel alloys and titanium.

Thoriated Tungsten electrode is the most commonly used tungsten material, Thoria is low-level radioactive material, but it is was the first to display a significant improvement over pure tungsten.

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Pure Tungsten Electrode-Chinatungsten

Pure tungsten electrode is the one without any addition of oxide. This allows the tip to form a clean, balled end which provides good arc stability on AC. The power of electronic transgression is as high as 4.5ev. Requiring a high voltage for arc derivation, it has a low current capacity and is easily burnt. It’s good for application under the condition of AC and in the situation of low welding requirements.



Pure tungsten electrodes can form a clean, balled tip when heated and provides great arc stability for AC welding with balanced wave. Pure tungsten also provides good arc stability for AC sine wave welding, especially on aluminum and magnesium, but is not typically used for DC welding (it does not provide as strong of arc starts as thoriated or ceriated tungsten electrodes).

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Sapphire Growth Technique History

The history of sapphire growth technique has been more than 100years, since 1885, Fremy, Feil and Wyse applied method of hydroxide flame melting natural ruby ​​powder and potassium dichromate and created "Geneva Ruby".

Since then, in order to meet scientific and technological development and industrial production for the special requirements of sapphire crystal quality, size, shape, and improve the yield of sapphire crystal, utilization and reduce costs, for sapphire growth method, the related research has been stopped and the result is also very significant. The manufacturing capability is going higher and higher. Meanwhile, the matched sapphire growth furnace is going larger and larger for producing crystal with large diameter. Nowadays, the diameter of crystal has increased from 2 inches to 12 inches.

With the rapid development of the sapphire growth, the importance has gone to the lower cost but higher quality. Generally speaking, the methods to grow sapphire crystal are solution growth, melt growth, and growth of three gas phases. And the melt growth due to a rapid growth rate, high purity and crystal integrity and good features, and is used to grow large and the most common method to crystal growth of a particular shape of the crystal.

By growing sapphire crystal, tungsten crucible and heating field are most important for its quality. If you are in need of high quality crucible, please feel free to contact sales@chinatungsten.com.

Sapphire Crystal Growing Methods Comparison

Sapphire Crystal Growing Methods Comparison
Growing Method	Advantages	Disadvantages	Application
Kyropoulos	High quality, Large size, High yield, Low cost	Complicate operation, Low consistency, low qualified yield, Not suitable for C sapphire	Rublcon (LED sapphire base)
Czochralski	Production examination easily, Good Shape	High density, iridium gold crucible, High cost, Size restriction	HoneyWell
EFG	High quality	Complicated Equipment and technology	Kyocera
TGT	Simple equipment, easy operation, high yield, C crystal	Uniformity temperature, long period, high cost	Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics
VGF	Simple equipment, high yield	High density	Yunnan, China
VHGF	Crystal size and shape are not restricted	Right is kept in STC	STC
HEM	High quality, large size	High requirement on equipment, complicated techniques, high cost, sapphire easier to break	Crystal System
SAPMAC	Entire crystal, annealing same location, short circle, low cost	Easily influenced by temperature fluctuation	Northeast China

All the above methods to grow sapphire can use tungsten crucible.

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Why Sapphire is Suitable for Infrared Transparent Window

Therefore, the materials for infrared transparent window needs to be high qualified, and should meet the basic requirements as following:
1)High mechanical strength: infrared transparent window material should have sufficient strength, so that it can withstand the high-speed movement of the pressure load.
2) High thermal stability: can withstand the impact of aerodynamic heating and high temperature caused by the change, transmittance and refractive index by the temperature changes.
3) High chemical stability: the material is exposed to the air, so that the material should be able to prevent salt solution or etching gas corrosion, and should not be easy deliquescence
4) High optical transmittance: can efficiently transmit the ultraviolet to the infrared radiation
5) High optical properties: small optical scattering and good refractive index
6) Meet requirement of large size window

Sapphire growing in tungsten crucible, is a wonderful material that can meet all the above requirements. It is suitable for television, infrared imaging and radar. Furthermore, it can meet the high requirement of hypersonic missile wave-transparent. And this is why sapphire has become an excellent choice for high-speed fighter in advanced countries, missiles and other medium wave infrared transparent window material. 

More details, please contact us by email sales@chinatungsten.com.